Night World : Soulmate Chapter 15

Hannah's breath was taken away. She hadn't expected a coherent answer from Maya†¦ but she'd gotten one. And she did understand. Maya had devoted her life to keeping Hannah and Thierry apart. Her long life. Her thousands of years. If she lost at this point, that life became meaningless. â€Å"You don't know how to do anything else,† Hannah whispered slowly, figuring it out. â€Å"Oh, enough of the press conference. I know how to do lots of things-you'll find that out. I'm through fooling around with you, cupcake.† Hannah ignored the threat-and the insulting endearment. â€Å"But it won't do you any good,† she said, * genuinely bewildered, as if she and Maya were discussing whether or not to go shopping together. â€Å"You're going to kill me, sure, I understand that. But it won't help you get Thierry. He'll just hate you more†¦ and he'll just wait for me to come back.† Maya had knelt by the backpack, rummaging in it. she looked up at Hannah and smiled-a strange slow smile. â€Å"Will he?† Hannah stared at those red lips, feeling as if someone were pouring ice water down her backbone. â€Å"You know he will. Unless you kill him, too.† The lips curved again. â€Å"An interesting idea. But not quite what I had in mind. I need him alive; he's my prize, you see. When you win, you need a prize.† Hannah was feeling colder and colder inside. â€Å"Then he'll wait.† â€Å"Not if you're not coming back.† And how do you arrange that? Hannah thought. God, maybe she's going to keep me alive here†¦ tied up and alive until I'm ninety. The idea brought a wave of suffocating fear. Hannah glanced around, trying to imagine what it would be like to spend her life in this place. In this cold, dark, horrible†¦ Maya burst into laughter. â€Å"You can't figure it out, can you? Well, let me help.† She walked to where Hannah was sitting and knelt. â€Å"Look at this. Look, Hannah.† She was holding up an oval hand mirror. At the same moment she shone the flashlight on Hannah's face. Hannah looked into the mirror-and gasped. It was her face†¦ but not her face. For one instant she couldn't put her finger on the difference-all she could think was that it was Hana's face, Hana of the Three Rivers. And then she realized. Her birthmark was gone. Or †¦ almost gone. She could still see a shadow of it if she turned her head to one side. But it had faded almost to invisibility. God, I'm good-looking, Hannah thought numbly. She was too dazed to feel either vain or humble. Then she realized it wasn't just the absence of the birthmark that made her look beautiful. Even in the unnatural beam of the flashlight she could tell that she was pale. Her skin was creamy, almost translucent. Her eyes seemed larger and brighter. Her mouth seemed softer and more sensuous. And there was an indefinable something about her face†¦. I look like Poppy, she thought. Like Poppy, the girl with the copper hair. The vampire. Wordlessly, she looked at Maya. Maya's red lips stretched in a smile. â€Å"Yes. I exchanged blood with you when I picked you up last night. That's why you slept so long†¦ you probably don't realize it, but it's afternoon out there. And you're changing already. I figure one more exchange of blood†¦ maybe two. I don't want to rush things. I can't have you dying before you become a vampire.† Hannah's mind was reeling. Her head fell back weakly to rest against the post. She stared at Maya. â€Å"But why?† she whispered, almost pleadingly. â€Å"Why make me a vampire?† Maya stood. She walked over to the backpack and carefully tucked the mirror inside. Then she pulled out something else, something so long that it was sticking out of the top of the pack. She held it up. A stake. A black wooden stake, like a spear, about as long as Maya's arm. It had a nice pointed end on it. â€Å"Vampires don't come back,† Maya said. Suddenly there was a roaring in Hannah's ears. She swallowed and swallowed. She was afraid she was going to faint or be sick. â€Å"Vampires†¦ don't†¦ ?† â€Å"It's an interesting bit of trivia, isn't it? Maybe it'll be on â€Å"Jeopardy!† someday. I have to admit, I don't exactly understand the logistics-but vampires don't reincarnate, not even if they're Old Souls. They just die. I've heard it suggested that it's because making them vampires takes their souls away, but I don't know†¦. Does Thierry have a soul, do you think?† Everything was whirling around Hannah now. There was nothing solid, nothing to hang on to. To die †¦ she could face that. But to die forever, to go out†¦ what if vampires didn't even go to some other place, some afterlife? What if they just suddenly weren't? It was the most frightening thing she had ever imagined. â€Å"I won't let you,† she whispered, hearing her own voice come out hoarse and ragged. â€Å"I won't-â€Å" â€Å"But you can't stop me,† Maya said, amused. â€Å"Those ropes are hemp-they'll hold you when you're a vampire as well as when you're human. You're helpless, poor baby. You can't do anything against me.† With a look of pleasure in her own cleverness, she said, â€Å"I finally found a way to break the cycle.† She left the backpack and knelt in front of Hannah again. This time when the red lips parted, Hannah saw long sharp teeth. Hannah fought. Even knowing that it was hopeless, she did everything she could think of, lashing out at Maya with the strength of sheer desperation. But it wasn't any good. Maya was simply that much stronger than she was. In a matter of minutes, Hannah found herself with both hands pinned and her head twisted to one side, her throat exposed. Now she knew why Maya had forced her to drink vampire blood before. It hadn't just been random cruelty. It was part of a plan. You can't do this to me. You can't. You can't kill my soul†¦. â€Å"Ready or not,† Maya said, almost humming it. Then Hannah felt teeth. She struggled again, like a gazelle in the jaws of a lioness. It had no effect. She could feel the unique pain of her blood being drawn out against her will. She could feel Maya drinking deeply. I don't want this to be happening†¦. At last the pain faded to a drowsy sort of ache. Hannah's mind felt dopey, her body numb. Maya was wrestling her into a different position, tilting Hannah's head back and pressing her wrist to Hannah's mouth. I won't drink. I'll let myself drown first. At least I'll die before I'm a vampire†¦. But she found that it wasn't that easy to will yourself into dying from lack of air. Eventually, she choked and swallowed Maya's blood. She wound up coughing and sputtering, trying to clear her throat and get air. Maya sat back. â€Å"There,† she said, slightly breathless. She shone the flashlight into Hannah's face again. â€Å"Yes.† She looked judicial, like a woman considering a turkey in the oven. â€Å"Yes, it's going very well. Once more should do it. You'd be a vampire now, if so much time since the first we hadn't wasted exchange.† â€Å"Thierry will kill you when he finds out,† Hannah whispered. â€Å"And break his sacred promise? I don't think so.† Maya smiled and got up again, pottering with her backpack. â€Å"Of course, this wouldn't be happening if he hadn't broken his promise to me,† she added, almost matter-of-factly. â€Å"He told me that you wouldn't come between us anymore. But the next time I turn around-there you are! Shacked up in his house, no less. He should have known better.† Hannah stared at her. â€Å"He didn't even know I was there. Maya-don't you realize that? He didn't know-â€Å" Maya cut her off with a gesture. â€Å"Don't expect me to believe anything you say. Not at this point.† She straightened up, looked at Hannah, then sighed. She switched off the lantern and picked up the flashlight. â€Å"I'm afraid I'm going to have to leave you for a while, now. I'll be back tonight to finish this little job. Don't worry, I won't be late†¦ after all, I have a deadline to meet. Tomorrow's your birthday.† â€Å"Maya †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I have to keep her here talking, Hannah thought. I have to make her understand that Thierry didn't break his promise. She was trying to ignore the chilling question that ran just under her thoughts. What if Thierry had been serious about what he'd told Maya? If he really wanted to be with Maya as long as Hannah was no longer between them? â€Å"Can't stay; must fly,† Maya said, trilling laughter again. â€Å"I hope you won't be too lonely. By the way, I wouldn't rock that pole too much. This is an abandoned silver mine, and that whole structure is unstable.† â€Å"Maya-â€Å" â€Å"See you later.† She picked up the backpack and walked away. She ignored Hannah's yells. And eventually, when Hannah couldn't see the beam of the flashlight anymore, she stopped yelling. She was in the dark again. And weaker. Drained emotionally and drained of vitality by what Maya had done. She felt sick, feverish, and itchy as if there were bugs crawling under her skin. And she was alone. Almost, almost, she gave in to the panic again. But she was afraid that if she lost control this time, she'd never get it back. She'd be insane by the time Maya returned. Time. That's it, girl, you've got some time. She's not coming back until tonight, so get your head clear and start using the time you have. But it's so dark†¦. Wait. Did she take the lantern with her? She turned it off, but did she take it? With the utmost caution, Hannah felt around her with her hands. Nothing-but then she couldn't lean very far because of the rope. Okay. Try your feet. Carefully. If you kick it away, it's all over. Hannah lifted one leg and began to gently pat the foot down toward the ground. Little pats, slow pats. About the third time she did it, her foot hit something that fell over. That's it! Now nudge it toward you. Careful. Careful. Closer†¦ almost†¦ now around to your side†¦ Got it! Hannah reached out and grabbed the lantern, holding it desperately with both hands like somebody holding a radio while sitting in the bathtub. Don't drop it †¦ find the switch. Light blossomed. Hannah kissed the lantern. She actually kissed it. It was an ordinary battery-operated fluorescent camping lantern, but she felt as if she were holding a miracle. Light made such a difference. Okay. Now look around you. What can you do to help yourself here? But looking around made her heart sink. The cavern she was in was irregular, with uneven walls and overhanging slabs of rock. A silver mine, Maya had said. That meant the place was probably blasted out by humans. On either side of her, Hannah could see more posts like the one she was tied to. They seemed to form a kind of scaffolding against the wall. So miners can get to it, I guess, she thought vaguely. Or maybe to help hold the roof up, or both. And it's unstable. As a last resort, she could simply do her best to bring the whole thing down. And then pray she died quickly. For now, she kept looking. The wall on her right, the only one she could see in the pool of lantern light, was surprisingly variegated. Even beautiful. It wasn't just rough gray rock; it was rough gray rock veined with milky-white and pale pink quartz. Silver comes in quartz sometimes, Hannah thought. She knew that much from her mom's friends, the rockhounds. But that doesn't do me any good. It's pretty, but useless. She was starting to panic again. She had a light, but what good was it? She could see, but she had nothing to work with. There's got to be something here. Rocks. I've got rocks and that's it. Hannah shifted to get away from one that was bruising her thigh. Maybe I can throw rocks at her†¦. Not rocks. Quartz. Suddenly Hannah's whole body was tingling. Her breath was stopped in her lungs and her skin felt electrified. I've got quartz. With shaking hands, she put the lantern down. She reached for an angular chunk of rock on the ground beside her. Tears sprang to her eyes. This is a quartz nodule. It's crystal. Fine-grained. Workable. I know how to make a tool out of this. She'd never done it in this life, of course. But Hana of the Three Rivers had done it all the time. She'd made knives, scrapers, drills†¦ and hand-axes. She would have preferred flint to work with; it fractured much more regularly. But quartz was fine. I can feel in my hands how to do it. †¦ Okay. Stay calm. First, find a hammer stone. It was too easy. There were rocks all around her. Hannah picked up one with a slightly rounded surface, weighed it in her hand. It felt good. She pulled her legs in, set the angular chunk in front of her, and started working. She didn't actually make a hand-ax. She didn't need to. Once she had bashed off a few flakes with long sharp edges, she started sawing at the rope. The flakes were wavy and irregular, but they were as sharp as broken glass and quite sufficient to cut the hemp. It took a long time, and twice she had to make new flakes when the ones she was using blunted. But she was patient. She kept working until she could pull first one length of rope, then another and another free. When the last strand parted, she almost screamed in sheer joy. I'm free! I did it! I did it! She jumped up, her weakness and fever forgotten. She danced around the room. Then she ran back and picked up her precious lantern. And now-I'm out of here! But she wasn't. It took a while for the realization to dawn. First, she walked back in the direction that Maya had come. She found what felt like miles of twisting passageways, sometimes so narrow that the walls almost brushed her shoulders, and so low that she had to duck her head. The rock was cold-and wet. There were several branching passages, but each one led to a dead end. And it was only when Hannah got to the end of the main passage that she realized how Maya had gotten into the mine. She was standing below a vertical shaft. It soared maybe a hundred feet straight up. At the very top, she could see reddish sunlight. It was like a giant chimney, except that the walls were nowhere near that close to each other. And nowhere near irregular enough to climb. No human could get out this way. I suppose they had some sort of elevator or something when the mine was working, Hannah thought dazedly. She was sick and numb. She couldn't believe that her triumph had turned into this. For a while she shouted, staring up at that square of infuriating, unattainable sunlight. When she got so hoarse she could scarcely hear herself anymore, she admitted that it was no use. Nobody is going to come and rescue you. Okay. S(c) you have to rescue yourself. But all I've got is rocks†¦. No. No, I'm free now. I can move around. I can get to the scaffolding. I've got rocks-and wood. Hannah stood paralyzed for a second, then she clutched the lantern to her chest and went running back down the passageway. When she got to her cavern, she examined the scaffolding excitedly. Yes. Some of this wood is still good. It's old, but it's hard. I can work with this. This time, she made a real hand-ax, taking special care to fashion the tip, making it thin and straight-edged and sharp. The final tool was roughly triangular and heavy. It fit comfortably in her hand. Hana would have been proud of it. Then she used the ax to chop off a length of wood from the creaking, groaning scaffolding. All the while she did it she whistled softly, hoping she wasn't going to bring the whole structure down on her head. She used the ax to shape the length of wood, too, making it round, about as thick as her thumb and as long as her forearm. She knocked off a quartz scraper to do the finer shaping. Finally she used a flake to hone one end of the stick to a point. She ground it back and forth against an outcrop of gritty stone to bring it to maximum smoothness and sharpness. Then she held out the finished tool and admired it. She had a stake. A very good stake. And Maya was going to get a surprise. Hannah sat down, turned the lantern off to conserve the battery, and began to wait.

Journal of Food Safety

As we know, Johor was affected by the worst flood in 100 years in December 2006 and that disaster comes again in January 2007. According to historical of the natural disasters such as flood, food in affected areas may become contaminated and consequently be at risk for outbreaks of food-borne diseases, including diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. Poor sanitation, including lack of safe water and toilet facilities and lack of suitable conditions to prepare food have led to mass outbreaks of food-borne diseases. The Minister of Malaysia Health were worried about cases, the improper sanitary facilities and contaminated water supply during flood at housing areas or at relief centers would result in contaminated food, as a prevention step, Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO) has assign to made monitoring of food hygiene vital. The objective of this monitoring is to describe food hygiene surveillance activities carried out in flood relief centers and flood affected areas and the result that were carried out was determined. The food hygiene surveillance activities were carried out by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO) in the districts and. Among the surveillance activities carried out are inspection of food preparation areas in relief centers, inspection of food premises in flood affected areas and food sampling. Premise inspections were carried out using a specific inspection format. For food samples inspections, the food samples that were emphasis included ready to eat and raw foods. For ready to eat foods holding samples were also taken. Samples taken were sent to Public Health Laboratory, Johor Bahru for microbiological analysis. Anti typhoid vaccination for food handlers were also carried out. Apart from that, observations made by the health teams were also taken into account. A total of 3,159 food preparation areas in relief centers were inspected. During the same period, a total of 2,317 food premises in flood affected areas were inspected as soon these premises started operating after the floods. Among the processes that had given highlighting during inspection were holding and serving of food where temperatures control and holding time were vital for food safety. Along with the areas given emphasis during the inspection were kitchens, stores, food packaging areas, food transportation vehicles and serving areas. Cooking utensils, water sources, hand washing facilities, garbage disposal area, pest control and suitability of building structures for preparation of food were also given a big attention during the inspections. .Base on the inspection that have done by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO), the inspections showed that 69 food preparation areas in relief centers and 181 food premises in flood affected areas had unsatisfactory hygiene. Not only food premises areas are considering in those inspections, apart from that, the hygiene and practices of all food handlers were also monitored. Insanitary food preparation areas in relief centers and food premises were given health education and warnings to maintain hygiene by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO). A total of 1,566 holding samples were taken and 425 samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis. Base on the result, they have gathered out that 46 of the samples analyzed were found to be positive for pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella. The health personnel from the Johor Health Department in various districts carried out an excellent job in ensuring food safety during the floods. There were no outbreaks of food poisoning. However analysis of food samples taken during the floods did show the presence of pathogenic organisms but probably their numbers were not high enough to cause any food poisoning. When the flood has affected some areas, the contamination from microorganism into food were easily contaminated, that contamination can always occur at all points of the food chain, for instants inadequate washing, handling and cooking of food just before consumption is still a prime cause of food-borne diseases. Many infectious diseases are preventable by observing simple hygienic rules during food preparation whether in family settings or in large food catering facilities. According to the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are five keys for safer food in disaster situation such as keeping clean, separating raw and cooked food, cooking thoroughly, keeping food at safe temperatures and lastly using safe water and raw materials. As a rational, the education to all individuals have to concern more to avoid the unwanted condition occurs, for instant when a disaster such as flood occurs, the public would already understand and be prepared to apply their knowledge in hygiene and food safety. As an example, the hand washing method which involves seven steps needs to be imbibed into all individuals through health education campaigns so that it becomes a common practice amongst all individuals. As a very good solution the promotion and enforcement of food hygiene requirements should be carried out continuously to ensure that every individual understands the need for hygiene and food safety during disaster situation such as flood.

Criteria for Causality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criteria for Causality - Essay Example The media often concludes a causal relationship among correlated observances when causality was not even considered by the study itself. Without clear reasons to accept causality, we should only accept correlation.† A spurious relationship is a mathematical tool which is used to establish that whether two events in correlation have some sort of causal connection or not. Spuriousness is a property of highly misleading correlations that may appear to be causation. Hence, when a correlation has no spurious relationship, it is a highly possible causation. Hence, nonspuriousness becomes an essential criterion in examining the correlated events and establishing causality. (Pearl, 2000; Verma and Pearl, 1990) Timing of different events is important since time sequencing of actions and events can determine causation. By measuring time, we can determine when an action took place and when another action or event occurred in correlation or consequence to it. Hence, time order is also an important tool to inspect causality. Johnson and Bhattacharya (2009, p. 505) point out that in business and economics, â€Å"observations are collected in a time sequence with the intention of using regression techniques to predict future trend. In many other experiments, trials are conducted successively in time.† And in any event, a plot of the residuals versus time order can detect a contravention of the postulation of independence among related actions and/or events. Hence, time order emerges as a criterion of causality. In the above statement, the event of active or passive smoking precedes the event of respiratory illness due to nicotine. The event of respiratory illness due to nicotine does not take place without active or passive smoking. Respiratory illness due to nicotine (even of negligible magnitude) takes place whenever active or passive smoking takes place. Causes are time and again differentiated into two major categories: (1) Necessary and

My First Day In College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My First Day In College - Essay Example The essay "My First Day In College" talks about the experience we can get from our first day in college. The author by his example tells what good experience the college gives a person to be successful in his life. I gladly anticipated the day because of the social title that I would gain for joining the university because most of my peers derived little pleasure from academic achievements and rarely qualified for and attained university education. I would be one of the few youths in the locality to join the university, the highest recognized academic institution. My feelings were however mixed with the anxiety of freedom from parental control and separation from my friends, people that had become very close to my life and with whom I had shared my weakness for social support. My younger sister, then in elementary school, particularly noted my unstable state and teased me for behaving like a little child. It was finally my reporting day and I had to take the step into my new life. I had packed all my belongings the previous night and was ready to bid my family goodbye. Leaving home was, however, a painful experience and I broke into tears, of pain and isolation, for fear of never seeing my family again. Even my mother’s consolation that they would occasionally visit me or that I was free to visit them over the weekends would not ease my overwhelming pain. She then drove me to college, in her favorite car, and I could feel the transition in my life as we passed the city center into the college’s main campus.

IS AN ABORTION EVER JUSTIFIABLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IS AN ABORTION EVER JUSTIFIABLE - Essay Example According to medical experts, in many critical cases of pregnancy, abortion is necessary for saving the life of mother. Various medical complications like, heart failure, infections, very high blood pressure, and cases of preeclampsia lead to the only option of abortion to save the life of mother (Painter). Besides, in the critical situations, where women is raped, or mother is incapable to raise the child, or fetus is diagnosed with abnormal development and unlikely to survive, abortion is always justifiable. Various studies have proved that when the right for abortion is denied and women are forced to carry the pregnancy against their will, it has led to drastic negative impacts on both, child and mother (Newitz). Children born from unintended pregnancy often suffer from physical and physiological abuse and social neglect. It has also found that such children are more prone to crimes, aggrieves nature, depression, suicidal behavior, substance abuse, and various addictions, creating violent and unstable society (Hardin; Hoffman and Maynard 321-370). Each woman has right to freedom and to choose whether she wants to bear a child or not. Denial of right to freedom is violation of human rights and morally unacceptable (â€Å"Ethics Statement†). If a child is not guaranteed healthy environment, basic needs, and essential affection and care, abortion is morally justifiable to prevent him from sufferings of physiological disorders, physical abuse, poverty, addiction and getting expose to violence and crimes. Despite a lot of criticism and oppose of anti-abortionists, one can’t deny a fact that abortion is justifiable in various medical cases. It is also acceptable in cases where mother is not ready to carry the pregnancy, in rape cases, and in cases where child is likely suffer from physical or mental disability and mother is not willing to carry the

Clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clothing - Essay Example Clothes possess a number of functional roles, like offering protection, shelter and also helping us accentuate our physical appearances. Clothes play vital roles in carrying forward messages related to social or religious inclinations, marital status, etc. For example, In India, a married woman wears colorful clothing with the red sindoor. However, a widow gives up decking herself with jewellery and wears a white sari, that denotes her marital status. It also acts as a medium of depicting one's profession or nationality. To quote another example, ladies belonging to the Islam wear the burkha in accordance with their religion, which again denotes identities. Clothes also convey modesty and ethics, and the type of clothing plays a dominant role in assessing a person's character, while also portraying his background and Thus clothes possess numerous functional duties. A number of factors come to the forefront in deciding about the kind of clothing that dominate varied regions of the world. ... Over the last twenty centuries, clothing per se has undergone metamorphosis. However, besides the huge changes that have occurred, some very evident stereotypes have emerged, as well. Certain set rules and demarcations have emerged with the passage of time, that still dominate the current scene of clothing. One of these major trends has been the clear demarcated clothing type for both the genders. Almost all cultures and regional divisions across the globe have their own ancient dressing formats, as one can call it. Each such culture sets aside a specific kind of clothing for women, in separation from that for men. In the European culture for instance, men wear a pair of pant and shirt, while women wear skirts and blouses or gowns. However, in the East, ladies wear salwar kameez or saris and men wear the dhoti or kurta pyjama. Therefore, this set distinction between men and women clothes wear is a product of century-wise lineage brought down till date! Human nature seeks innovation and change. This applies to clothing, too. Across centuries, clothes have been altered, adapted and transformed into fashion statements of each era! New horizons are obviously emerging in terms of clothing. However, the change seems to still continue to be mere adaptations or variations of the age-old bequeathed ideas. This the era of Ungendered and Unisex Clothing, or clothing that both the genders can attire themselves in. In today's fast paced modern world, clothes also carry significance when worn according to the occasion,

Collective Action for Social Movements Assignment

Collective Action for Social Movements - Assignment Example Although the African-American struggle for civil rights became apparent in the 1950s and 1960s when the most dramatic progress in the battle for equality and justice was made the struggle had been on-going for decades. This struggle would be traced in the actions of people like Ida B. Wells (1862-1931), an African-American journalist, editor of Memphis Free Speech, who became a brave crusader against lynching. In 1895, Ida wrote â€Å"The Red Record† which recorded the number of Africans lynched over a three-year period (Jones, 2011). In her own way, Wells and others who shared her ideas demonstrated resilience in fighting injustice. Other individuals in the early days included Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), an African American a former slave; he had made an eloquent appeal for the African-American struggle (Jones, 2011). In retro respect, before the mostly proclaimed heroes of the African-American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s there had been other preceding active participants. These prepared ground for future efforts and helped demonstrate the depth of injustice against the African-Americans. In the 1950s and 1960s the civil rights movement took a more pro-active approach and benefited from more informed and aggressive activist who were able to mobilize the African-Americans and to some extent some whites. These individuals included Martin Luther King, Jr., W.E.B. Du Bois, Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. Even though they provided leadership they could not singlehandedly stem discriminative practices existent at the time. Fortunately, they realized this and focused on ensuring collective effort (Ling, 1998). The primary means of agitation was not through boycotts or public demonstration at lunch counters but through discursive methods. Activists largely utilized the black press to create discursive realm of political action. African Americans were able to develop political capacity and formed